Prunushybrids
Some of the best thing in life-time spring from the nuclear fusion reaction of two beloved favorites .
consider of the culinary delight when East meets West on a plate , or the flush of a science fiction novel intertwined with a mystery .
Recall the play of sporty stool pigeon transformed into a high - manner statement and the entertaining combo of a heartwarming , yet funny read-only storage - com on the big cover . Well , in the world of fruit , we have our own blockbuster pairings : the plumcot tree and the pluot .
Photo by Tabitha Caswell.
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These arresting hybrids marry the nostalgic charm of plums with thesweet elegance of apricot , craft a taste that ’s as unforgettable as any transversal - genre classic .
fascinate ? Let ’s search the orchard ’s most harmonious mash - ups and discover how you may domesticate these interspecies intercrossed fruits in your own garden !
Photo by Tabitha Caswell.
Here ’s what I ’ll be covering in this article :
What You’ll Learn
These are n’t your cracking - grandmother ’s traditional orchard trees , but rather , mellow - performance hybrid of the modern fruit humanity .
queer about how to add these to your garden ? Keep scan to discover their juicy secrets !
What Are Plumcots and Pluots?
Plumcots and pluots are born from the hybridisation of various cultivars ( cultivated varieties ) of plum tree and apricots , which both belong to the genusPrunus .
The terms “ plumcot tree ” and “ pluot ” are two dim-witted portmanteaus of “ plum tree ” and “ apricot . ”
Plumcots are a 50 - 50 hybrid of these two fruit . Pluots contain more plum factor than apricot , commonly around 60 to 75 percent plum and 25 to 40 pct apricot .
There are several species of plums , such asP. domestica(European plum),P. americana(American wild plum ) , andP. salicina(Japanese plum tree ) , among others .
Japanese plum are often used in modern hybridization efforts due to their hardiness , sweet flavor , and juicy texture .
The most normally work species of apricot isP. armeniaca , the common apricot . This specie is typically used in hybridization feat for create plumcots , pluots , and apriums .
The hybridization cognitive process within this genus has evolved over the years . The original plumcot , develop by Luther Burbank , was a mere 50 - 50 loan-blend of plum and apricot .
However , modern pluots , as popularise by the Zaiger family and other breeders , involve more complex and reprize crabbed - breeding .
I ’ll dive deep into the origin story and the stock breeder later . But for near context , I ’ll give an example of the hybridisation cognitive process first .
To create a pluot , plant breeders might cross a common apricot tree with a Nipponese plum to create an initial loan-blend , a plumcot tree . Then they might take this plumcot and scotch it with another plum tree to get a yield with a higher plum - to - apricot genetical ratio , a pluot .
They could take it even further and do crosse with other selected varieties to accomplish desired traits in terms of flavor , grain , appearance , and other qualities . This reiterative education process allows for a immense range of flavor visibility , looks , and textures in the resulting fruit .
Because of this intricate process , and the huge routine of potential combinations of various plum and apricot cultivar , pluots and plumcot do in a extensive regalia of varieties , each with its own singular characteristic .
Plumcots and pluots , like their parent fruit plums and apricots , are best suited for temperate climate . They ask a certain number of chilling hours , or hours with temperatures below 45 ° F ( 7 ° C ) , during the winter to break dormancy and promote unfolding in outpouring .
However , the exact shuddery requirement and the best USDA Hardiness Zones can vary from 250 to 800 hours depending on the specific smorgasbord of plumcot or pluot . Generally , these trees flourish inUSDA Hardiness Zones5 to 9 .
Plumcot and pluot trees typically have an upright , spreading drug abuse . At maturity , depend on the variety and growing conditions , these trees can reach heights of 15 to 20 feet with a similar bed covering .
One of the most attractive phases for plumcot and pluot trees is former to mid - outflow when they burst into bloom . The trees acquire an teemingness of blossom , often before the leaf appear .
little green fruits form after the flowers have been pollinated , gradually growing and changing color as they maturate and mature .
depend on the cultivar , some fruit may have smooth skins , while others might be slightly bleary , and colors can graze from yellow and greenish to recondite purple or carmine hues . Some fruits are ready to harvest as ahead of time as mid - June , some in the summertime , and others as late as October .
The trees maintain their lush dark-green canopy throughout the summer . Some plumcot and pluot variety can offerbeautiful evenfall color , with leaves turning shadowiness of yellow , orange , or even blood-red before they dribble . However , not all varieties will provide significant evenfall color .
After leaves overleap in the autumn , plumcot and pluot trees reveal a skeletal structure .
While they might not pop the question significant winter interest in the way some ornamental trees might with unique bark or haunting berries , their nude furcate patterns can still be visually pleasing , peculiarly when frosted or adorned with a gentle bed of snow .
The hibernating period of winter is essential for the tree to undergo the chilling hours necessary for bud break and flowering in the next spring .
In accession to their aesthetic entreaty , plumcot tree and pluot trees can also provide habitat and food for thought sources for various type of wildlife , especially pollinators during the leaping rosiness .
Now that you have a basic understanding of these captivating fruit trees , countenance ’s take a trip down storage lane to learn how they come into existence .
Cultivation and History
The story of the commercialisation of plumcots and pluots in America can be trace back to the pioneering oeuvre of Luther Burbank , an American botanist and plantsman in the late nineteenth and early 20th century .
Plumcots predate pluots , so we ’ll set out the story there . The accurate date of the first successful plumcot hybridization is a bit blurred , but it ’s widely acknowledged that Burbank was mess around with these hybrids in the late nineteenth century at his data-based farms in Santa Rosa , California .
Burbank ’s work aim to enamour the sweetness and grain of yellowish pink and the juiciness , texture , and varied flavors of plum tree . Through careful hand pollination , Burbank crossed the apricot and plum successfully .
This kind of hybridizing involves transfer pollen from the peak of one coinage ( say , the apricot ) to the blossom of another close touch species ( the plum tree ) and then waitress to see what kind of fruit results .
Burbank managed to successfully cross plums and apricot tree to produce the plumcot , but it did n’t accomplish far-flung commercial success due to various challenges , including inconsistent fruit quality .
However , it lay the groundwork for succeeding breeders to make further hybridizations such as the pluot , which did find substantial commercial-grade achiever .
The maturation of the pluot can be credited to Floyd Zaiger , a noted fruit stock breeder , and his family ’s bringing up program at Zaiger Genetics in Modesto , California , during the later twentieth century .
Floyd saw potential in refining the plum and apricot hybridization process and rig out to create fruit that combined the best attributes of their parent species let in improved flavor , attractive color , impedance to disease , and extended shelf life .
The Zaiger folk ’s employment was characterized by complex hybridization technique . To develop the pluot , they did not but cease at the initial interbreeding of the plum and apricot .
rather , they backcrossed the hybrid with plum multiple times to achieve fruits that contained up to 75 pct plum tree and 25 percent apricot in their transmissible constitution .
This inherited ratio mean that pluots had more of the plum ’s characteristics but retain some of the apricot ’s sweetness and other qualities . The Zaigers patent the name “ pluot ” and were responsible for for introducing several miscellany of this yield .
Over the years , the Zaigers and other breeder developed numerous pluot varieties , each with its unparalleled flavor , grain , and coming into court . This led to the increase popularity of pluots in grocery store and farmers markets .
Some of the most pop pluot motley include the Dapple Dandy ® , Flavor King , and Flavor Queen , among others .
The succeeder of the pluot led to the creation of other hybrid fruits , include the aprium , which is more apricot than plum , and several others , all of which offer alone flavour and textures .
It ’s deserving notice that the epithet “ plumcot , ” “ pluot , ” and “ aprium ” are sometimes used interchangeably in fooling conversation , but they are distinct in their transmitted makeup and breeding history .
In summary , while the idea of crossing plum tree and apricots has been around for a prospicient time , mod - mean solar day plumcots and pluots owe their existence to the genteelness experiments of dedicated horticulturists like Luther Burbank and Floyd Zaiger .
These fruit are a testament to the opening of selective breeding and the ever - evolving humankind of yield cultivation . And talk of breeding and cultivation , have ’s take a secretive look at the potential ways to propagate these yield trees at home .
Plumcot and Pluot Propagation
Although it ’s possible to grow plumcots from seed and it might be a fun experiment to try , it ’s not a honest method if you ’re serious about growing these trees .
The seed is inside the Harlan Stone , or what some mass call the “ pit , ” found in the center of the yield .
Growing these hybrids from ejaculate has its challenges and considerations . In worldwide , it can take several years before a tree diagram arise from seed will produce yield .
Plus , the seed will incorporate a mixing of genetic cloth farm via intimate reproduction , so the fruit produced by a tree diagram originate from seed will in all probability be very different from the fruit from which the source was require .
In comparison , scions grafted onto specific rootstock often benefit from increase disease impedance or other favourable equipment characteristic imparted by the rootstalk in addition to producing yield with identical qualities to the parent plant .
graft is usually done in later winter to early spring . The routine involves take a scion , which is a shoot or bud from the desire tree , and attach it to a rootstalk .
Both the scion and the rootstalk are carefully cut to create match “ tongue ” that lock together . The cay is to ensure that the cambium of both parts , or the layer properly under the bark , align dead .
Once joined , the union is tightly hold with graft tape or raphia to plug the connection . The graft detail must be monitor for callus formation , indicating a successful grafting . When grafting , it ’s important to expend healthy industrial plant materials and a sterilized sharp knife to make precise cuts so that the surface meet seamlessly . If a graft fails , it ’s often because of poor alignment or use of low - quality plant material .
If you ’re concerned in graft and budding , you’re able to watch more and try out in your home gardens or grove . Courses might be a respectable idea for beginners to master this skill .
It ’s also possible to circularize these yield trees by root cuttings , and you’re able to read more about it in ourplum grow guide . But if you ’re concerned in prevail a healthy and authentic plumcot tree or pluot to start with , it ’s generally good to buy a ingraft Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree from a nursery .
This ensures that you ’re getting a tree diagram that will produce the trust fruit and have other known characteristics such as sizing and disease ohmic resistance obtained from its stout rhizome . Here are the steps to espouse for transplanting bare root and potted trees :
Transplanting
Before I dive into transplanting , let me give you the exclusive on two significant things : fungi and spacing .
I typically advocate incorporating mycorrhizal fungi into the soil when plant new yield tree .
Healthy , established tree origin form a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae already present in the soil . This fungus colonize the antecedent system and avail the roots soak up nutrient and water to expeditiously supply the tree with everything it needs .
When planting a Modern tree there is often little to no good fungi present to give it a safe start .
you could help your new tree out by adding the correct type of beneficial mycorrhizae at the time of planting .
Root Build 240
you may get hold unlike products stop inoculant at your local nursery or online . I like this product called Root Build 240,sold by Arbico Organics .
see more about using territory inoculants in our pathfinder .
If you choose to incorporate grunge inoculants or any other product into your planting method acting , think of to read the recording label cautiously .
Now let ’s blab out about space between these tree .
You ’ll require to plan out front for two reason : to give your trees a minimal amount of space to arise to their full size without crowding and also to achieve successful pollination .
calculate on the cultivar you ’re planting , the recommend minimal distance between plumcot tree and pluot trees is 12 to 20 foot . you may plant them further apart if you ’d like , but not too far ! Do n’t forget about cross - pollination .
Cross - pollination is a essential for producing a harvest time . Another pluot or a Japanese plum tree can serve as a pollinator , but it ’s crucial to constitute these trees within 50 infantry of each other to ensure successful pollination .
Now that I ’ve given my speech on fungi and spacing , countenance ’s get to planting !
Your pluot or plumcot could be a mere root or container - grow specimen . originate by preparing your hole for transplantation .
toil a trap deep enough to accommodate the bare root or radical globe , and doubly as wide-eyed .
Next , remove your tree from its grip , wrapping , or container . Locate the graft point . It will resemble a curve knob above the tooth root .
Identifying this grafting point is of import . You ’ll want to verify this knob sit about one to three in above the be tier or soil stage after the gob is backfilled .
As a guide while planting , I like to place a stick or the handle of a shovel across the jam before backfilling to visualize the gradation line against the proboscis .
For plain radical , make a minuscule mound of stain in the bottom of the hole and spread the roots out over it so they weight outwards and slenderly down .
For potted trees , audit the root lump . fluff out and tease apart roots that are good deal bind and crop off any damaged roots .
Set the root chunk in the hole . secure the roots are circulate naturally and not squirm or halter in their new home plate .
Before backfilling , check the grafting point and correct the height if necessary . you could add soil or jab some out to get just the veracious planting depth .
When you ’re satisfied with the placement , backfill the hole around and on top of the antecedent , pack down gently to squeeze out any tune pockets .
Water the new tree thoroughly after planting . I like to wait about 10 minutes and if the water is all assimilate , I water again .
Now is a good time toadd a level of mulch . I ’ll discuss more details on this later , so keep reading .
I stake my young trees for at least a full yr until they ’re install . It helps to protect them by go along them stable while their roots are becoming established .
If you deal your outer space with wildlife , it ’s chic to establish a tree safety to discourage critter from jaw on the young and tasty flesh of the tree diagram ’s automobile trunk .
These guards come in different shapes and sizes , and you’re able to even fashion a sentry go from fabric like Gallus gallus conducting wire .
I wish guards with a spiral design because they ’re easy to install and absent , and they expand with the tree as it grows .
Trunk Protector
Check out this Upgrade PCS Trunk Protectorsold by Ugarden on Amazon .
How to Grow Plumcots and Pluots
Plumcots and pluots thrive in full sun , preferably in south - facing or west - face localization .
It ’s essential to opt a sheltered site for these trees , especially one that declare oneself protection from prevailing winds .
The grease for these yield trees should run out well , and it ’s advisable to avert areas with lowering clay or too sandy soils .
The ideal pH level for the dirt should be slightly acidic to neutral , ranging from 6.0 to 7.0 . If the soil lack substantive nutrient , it can be amended with organic topic to enhance its richness .
Not sure what the make-up of your soil is?Conduct a grease testbefore you engraft .
tearing is important , especially for newly transplant trees .
During their first grow time of year , they should be watered deep at least once a calendar week , with each tree diagram receiving about three to four gal of pee .
It ’s of the essence to ensure that the soil persist damp but is well - drained to prevent root rot .
To retain moisture and suppress weeds , a two- to three - column inch stratum of organic mulch should be unfold around the base of the tree , offer about three to four feet from the trunk . This can be done in the spring or gloaming , but remember to keep the mulch a few inches back from the foundation of the tree diagram , so it does n’t extend to the barque .
Growing Tips
Pruning and Maintenance
Plumcots and pluots require regular pruning to maintain a healthy body structure and promote fruit production .
Most are Japanese plum hybrid , so you may follow the same recommended techniques as you might for these tree .
You’llfind in - depth details for pruning Nipponese plum ( P. salicina ) in our guide , but these are some basic guidelines :
Annual pruning of both new and established trees is essential and should be carry out in late winter or former outpouring when trees are dormant .
Use the heart-to-heart center system . Also relate to as undefended vase , this involves selecting three to four chief branches acquire 24 to 30 inch off the solid ground in dissimilar directions and removing the central stem entirely .
Begin by removing any dead , morbid , or damaged branches . Established trees should have about 25 percent of their outgrowth take away to set aside clear penetration , which increases yield lineament and encourages raw branch development .
Like plum tree , plumcot and pluots produce most of their fruit on short spur on forest that is two to five days older , but they also produce some yield on the basal bud of one - year - old wood .
Regular removal of mark , or shoot coming from the roots or stem below the graft , is also necessary .
In terms of fertilization , there are no specific recommendations for homegrown plumcot and pluots . However , you might need to monitor the growth rate of your trees and fertilize found on your reflexion .
Trees under five years one-time should produce new shoots averaging 10 to 20 inches in duration each class and older Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree should have a growth rate of eight to 10 inch of new growth per year .
If these growing rates are not achieved and you ’ve eliminated other causes like piteous irrigation , poor drain , pests , and diseases , consider feed .
Test your soilto see which nutrients are lack and call back that excessive fertilization can be harmful , so it ’s all-important to monitor the Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree ’s growth and adjust accordingly . To insure large and good - quality fruit , it ’s advisable to slim down the yield when they ’re about the size of a dime bag . This process involves removing excess fruit , leave about one yield every four to six inches .
on a regular basis clean up fallen fruit and leaves can help thin the risk of disease and plague . This practice is especially important in the fall to forbid overwintering of certain pests and disease pathogens .
Plumcot and Pluot Cultivars to Select
plumcot and pluots have desirable ornamental value aside from their food production . The mesmerizing bouquet of their adorable spring blooms make them excellent addition to home garden and orchards .
It ’s a good idea to explore and select a potpourri based on your specific realm ’s middling number of chilling hr and climate weather condition .
Before planting , always consult local nursery or agricultural file name extension for advice on the best diversity for your area .
These experts can leave brainwave into which specific cultivar of plumcots and pluots are most likely to thrive in your local term and give you more detail about chilling hours , pollinator , and implant .
Keeping in nous that plumcot are commonly adequate voice plum and apricot while pluots incline more toward the plum tree family , take a expression at these popular varieties to consider planting in your own space .
Dapple Dandy
The Dapple Dandy Pluot ® ( Prunus‘Dapple Dandy ’ ) is a fun and tasty option for the whole family . This Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree is suited for Zones 5 to 9 and reaches 15 to 20 feet marvelous . ‘Dapple Dandy ’ is sometimes called Dinosaur Egg because its fruit has a spotty appearance and mottled skin discolor .
The smooth , shiny cutis closely resemble a plum . Its greenish - yellow , red-faced - spot outside develops into a maroon and yellow dapple as it begins to ripen . With a moderately late harvest , this sort can be pollinated by the ‘ Santa Rosa ’ plum .
This tree requires about 400 to 500 chilling hour . you’re able to ordain a four- to five - foot - magniloquent potted sapling to transfer into your own gardenat Nature Hills Nursery .
Flavorella
The ‘ Flavorella ’ plumcot tree diagram reaches a height of 15 to 18 feet at maturity and is accommodate for USDA zone 7 to 10.This tree produce yield characterized by its beautiful golden yellow peel with a fainthearted red blush . When good , the medium - sized fruit is very scented and incredibly fragrant .
The shape of the fruit is juicy and firm with a yellow-bellied chromaticity . The flavor is delineate as a harmonious mixture of a exceedingly cherubic apricot with a speck of full - bodied acidity from the plum .
‘ Flavorella ’
When it come to pollenation , it ’s recommend to embed this type with a ‘ Santa Rosa ’ plum tree , ‘ Gold Kist ’ apricot , or another plumcot nearby .
‘ Flavorella ’ requires 500 to 600 chill hour and you’re able to witness itat Nature Hills Nursery .
Flavor King
The Flavor King Pluot ® is recognized for its deep red physique and vivid , mellifluous feeling .
Reaching a matured size of 12 to 20 invertebrate foot , Flavor King ® is perfect for home gardens . Once established , it ’s low maintenance and thrives in USDA Zones 5 to 9 .
This tree requires about 400 to 500 scarey hours and a pollinator such as ‘ Burgundy ’ plum tree , Dapple Dandy , or ‘ Methley ’ plum tree .
The fruit matures in mid- to late August and will typically remain firm on the tree for a few weeks , so there is no boot to pick them . Find Flavor King ® at Fast Growing Trees .
Geo Pride
The ‘ Geo Pride ’ tree reaches a superlative of 12 to 15 feet and is hardy in USDA zona 6 to 9 .
In the spring , it showcases fragrant white blooms , attracting bee and butterflies . Despite its smaller stature , the tree diagram is extremely ornamental and can be a focal point in any garden .
The yield it produces has a smooth fortunate yellow and reddish - purple dappled skin , complemented by golden yellow flesh . The flavor is a harmonious mix of plum and apricot , and the fruit has a kinky texture .
The fruit matures in mid - season and is medium - sized .
‘ Geo Pride ’
For successful pollination , it ’s recommended to plant Geo Pride near other pluots or other compatible pollinators such as Dapple Dandy ® or ‘ Flavor Supreme . ’
This tree necessitate about 400 chill time of day . Plants areavailable at Nature Hills .
Splash
The Splash Pluot ® Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree bring on small to medium - sized yellowness to orange colored fruit that boasts super odorous and juicy flesh .
It attain a height of 15 to 25 feet and is unfearing in USDA Zones 5 to 11 .
The tree diagram requires about 400 chill time of day and fruits are typically quick to glean in July . Splash Pluot ® plant areavailable at Nature Hills .
Managing Pests and Disease
Management of cuss and disease is vital to grow any plants successfully , but this is specially of import when you ’re draw a bead on to achieve food product with fruits like the pluot or plumcot tree .
Herbivores
plum tree are a favourite for cervid , mice , and rats , usually when they ’re ripe , but sometimes even before they ’re full good .
And from personal experience , I can tell you that bunny are know to nibble at the crank automobile trunk of young trees . If you divvy up your garden with wildlife , take this into write up and plan ahead .
Todeter deerfrom snacking from downhearted branches , engraft your plumcot and pluots in a protect arena orconsider installing a fencearound them .
Pick up fallen yield from the ground to discourage small rodents like mice and rats from place up camp in your yard .
And if you’vespotted bunny girl hop through your ground , think about add a John Milton Cage Jr. or wrapping to the shorts of young tree .
Insects
Insects that quarry plum tree Tree will also prey on plumcots and pluots . These includeaphids , peach tree diagram woodborer , plum tree curculios , andscale insect . Insects can carry disease , so it ’s significant to stay on top of infestations before they get out of control .
Disease
Diseases vulgar to plums will also aggress plumcot and pluots . count out for smutty Calidris canutus , brown rot , and silver leaf fungus . Regular monitoring and former intervention are crucial . It ’s essential to defend good sanitation recitation , like clean up fallen fruit , to reduce disease hazard .
Harvesting and Storage
plumcot tree and pluots are typically ready for harvest from mid - June to early July , but some varieties will lead the season into gloaming .
stop your chosen variety for more information about when to reap .
The good index number for harvesting is when the fruits are embonpoint and exhibit deep coloration . Gently squeeze the yield to feel how firm they are . They should n’t be too steady or too flaccid for perfect ripeness .
Japanese plums are revered for eating fresh , and in my star sign , they disappear quickly .
Since pluots and plumcot are in the same kin , follow storage recommendation similar to what you would do with plum .
Once harvest , these fruits can be put in for former use . If you ’re planning to employ them within three weeks , put in them in a cool and humid environment , ideally between 32 and 40 ° F ( 0 and 4 ° C ) .
If you ’re storing them in a icebox , it ’s the double-dyed environment . However , when you ’re ready to run through them , add the fruit out and permit them generate to elbow room temperature first . They ’ll savour better this way !
Enjoy your plumcots and pluots throughout the wintertime by freeze them . Remove the pits and slice into chunk .
identify the chunks on a cooky sheet or tray and put them in the freezer to freeze individually , without concern each other .
Once frozen , transfer the yield to Deepfreeze bag and store for up to eight month .
Recipes and Cooking Ideas
These fruits are best known for eating impudent , but standardised to plum , they can also be processed into jam , jelly , and can be dehydrated to make fruit leather .
To make your own yield leather , try this recipe fromour sis site , Foodal .
Showcase your freshly harvested fruit in a simple summertime salad , and make them the master attraction .
Toss in some toastedginger , garlic , and some fresh herbs likemint , basil , orcilantroto make it more savory . Add a squeeze of citrus and a hyphen of soybean sauce and you ’ll be in heaven .
Of course , you could broil a simple crisp using these fruits . But why not essay something new ? Galettes are one of my favorite countrified desserts .
Not only are they luscious , but they make an telling presentation when served to guests . lease them think you spent time of day working on it!Most any yield can become the maven of the show here , but plumcots and pluots would be absolutely brilliant . Find a wonderful recipe for this desserton Foodal .
Quick Reference Growing Guide
Perfectly Orchestrated Duets
We ’ve journeyed through the orchard ’s melodious blend of plums and yellowish pink , arrive at the plumcot tree and the pluot .
Here , we have two blockbuster brace , showcased by nature with some production aid from humans .
Now , step out into your garden and foresee it as a stage where the magic of plum and apricots get together in one delightful specimen .
Try one , try both , or try any other stone fruit loanblend you might line up topically that are suit for your Zone .
I ’ve covered the history of these fruit tree and all the necessary entropy you need to have a go at it to get them . I ’ve even give you a few proffer for cultivars to get you start .
If you ’re concerned ingrowing food - producing trees , you might be concerned in reading these articles next :
Photos by Tabitha Caswell © Ask the Experts , LLC . ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.See our TOSfor more inside information . production photos via Arbico Organics , firm Growing Trees , Nature Hills Nursery , and UGarden . Uncredited photos : Shutterstock .
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Tabitha Caswell
